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where \( Re \) is the Reynolds number. However, as the flow transitions to a turbulent regime, the calculation becomes more complex. The turbulent flow friction factor is determined using empirical correlations, such as the Colebrook-White equation, which accounts for both the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of the pipe.
friction factor of galvanized iron pipe factory

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مبادل حراري. One fluid flows on one side of the plates, while the other fluid flows on the other side. Heat is transferred between the two fluids through the plates.