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where \( Re \) is the Reynolds number. However, as the flow transitions to a turbulent regime, the calculation becomes more complex. The turbulent flow friction factor is determined using empirical correlations, such as the Colebrook-White equation, which accounts for both the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of the pipe.
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One of the notable advantages of submarine hammer drilling is its efficiency in penetrating tough materials. Traditional drilling methods may struggle with hard rock formations, often resulting in slower progress and increased operational costs. Hammer drilling wears less on the drill bit, ultimately reducing the frequency of replacements and downtime.
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