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2. Manufacturing Processes The method of production plays a critical role in pricing. Factory-produced metal sheets often benefit from economies of scale, reducing the cost per unit. However, advanced manufacturing techniques, such as precision cutting and surface treatments, can add to the production costs. The level of automation and technology used in factories also impacts pricing, as more advanced production lines may require higher initial investments.
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where \( Re \) is the Reynolds number. However, as the flow transitions to a turbulent regime, the calculation becomes more complex. The turbulent flow friction factor is determined using empirical correlations, such as the Colebrook-White equation, which accounts for both the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of the pipe.
friction factor of galvanized iron pipe factory


