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One of the primary determinants of the friction factor is the roughness of the inner surface of the pipe. Galvanized iron pipes often exhibit a relatively high level of roughness compared to other materials, such as PVC or copper. This rough surface can lead to increased turbulence in the fluid flow, resulting in a higher friction factor. Suppliers need to pay close attention to the manufacturing processes that can influence the surface finish of their pipes. Techniques such as improved galvanization methods or surface treatments could significantly reduce the internal roughness and thereby lower the friction factor.
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3. PVC and TPO These thermoplastic roofing membranes are commonly used in flat roofing applications. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and TPO (thermoplastic polyolefin) are known for their durability, energy efficiency, and resistance to UV rays and chemicals, making them ideal for commercial buildings and warehouses.
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- Energy Efficiency Some cap sheets are reflective, helping to reduce heat absorption
. This feature contributes to lower energy costs by keeping the building cooler during hot weather and reducing the need for air conditioning.